1. Obesity with abnormal glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in obesity may lead to abnormal glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. Obesity and the incidence of type 2 diabetes are closely related. In 40 diabetics over the age of 70% to 80% of people have been sick prior to obesity.

2. Obesity is often associated with obesity, hyperlipidemia hyperlipidemia, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance and so on, and become the main reason for atherosclerosis. Recently, a growing number of studies suggest that obese fat distribution, especially visceral obesity significantly associated with these complications.

3. Obesity with high blood pressure high rate of obesity hypertension, obesity is a risk factor for high blood pressure, high blood pressure can cause obesity. Most epidemiological investigations showed that obese high incidence of hypertension. Obesity and circulating plasma cardiac output increased, heart rate increased quickly. Due to continuous increase of sympathetic activity and sodium reabsorption, increase caused by high blood pressure, thereby causing an increase in peripheral vascular resistance and hypertension in cardiac hypertrophy.

4. Obesity with cardiac hypertrophy and ischemic heart disease often associated with obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and impaired glucose tolerance and other diseases coexist, and these diseases are diseases and atherosclerosis are closely linked. In obese persons, an abnormal increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and sometimes lead to cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac hypertrophy produced by myocardial ischemia often exacerbate diastolic dysfunction.

5. Obesity with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome The incidence of obesity obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) the possibility of three times the non-obese adult men, about 50% of obesity may occur OSAS.

Clinical manifestations of OSAS are obese, short-necked, small jaw, tongue hypertrophy, and the uneven playing loud snoring, sleep apnea appears in the phenomenon of abnormal movements during sleep, daytime sleepiness, fatigue, early morning headache, dizziness, memory decline, male Sexual dysfunction, enuresis, etc., long-term occurrence can cause systemic organ dysfunction of various systems. Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical manifestations, polysomnography (PSG), pulmonary function tests, endocrine determination of the upper respiratory tract imaging inspection. Which, PSG showed the characteristic nose and mouth airflow cessation of thoracic and abdominal respiratory movement still exist; pulmonary function tests for the maximal expiratory flow – volume curve of the inspiratory phase and (or) expiratory Complementary sawtooth flutter waves; endocrine examination can be There pituitary, thyroid and other endocrine organ dysfunction; upper respiratory tract imaging examination showed upper respiratory tract stenosis or deformity such change. Treatment includes: â‘  elimination of incentives: Should alcohol, avoid using sedative sleeping pills, changing supine to lateral position. â‘¡ diet therapy: There is no firm and effective weight-loss drug side effects, and efficacy of weight loss therapies unstable, sometimes rebound, only as a means of adjuvant therapy for OSAS; the main measures of weight loss diet, drug therapy, exercise therapy, etc. . â‘¢ tracheotomy: an effective lifting of upper airway obstruction, but more because of surgical complications can not be repeated implementation, and has nasal continuous positive airway pressure ventilation (nCPAP) this effective treatment, at present, only applies to conditions serious and can not cough up sputum more persons. â‘£ hanging palate soft palate plasty: The effective rate of about 50%, and some postoperative improvement in progression-free, but to reduce snoring and mistaken for a valid and should be attention. ⑤ nasal disease treatment: surgery or laser can be used to treat nasal disease and to maintain nasal patency. â‘¥ nCPAP: the main measures to treat OSAS, effective up to 90% or more; Currently, the new research and development of intelligent continuous positive airway pressure breathing machine and bi-level positive airway pressure breathing machine efficacy and patient compliance is better than general nCPAP breathing machine, but the price more expensive. ⑦ Others: such as the mouth and tongue abnormal treatment.

6. Obesity Obesity can lead to liver damage associated with liver damage in order to define the characteristics of obese liver damage, it has been compared with the healthy liver function between obesity and found that both obese men and women have different degrees of liver function abnormalities , of which the main increase in GPT and γGT, particularly in obese men, GPT, and γGT increased significantly. At the same time, through the abdominal B-ultrasound found that fatty liver in obese than non-obese persons in a significant increase in the proportion of, but slightly higher for men. Therefore believe that obesity is characterized by fatty liver damage and γGT mild increase in GPT.

Fatty liver means the liver has more neutral fat accumulation state. General hepatic lobule more than 30% of the accumulation of fat droplets is called fatty liver. It is a not accompanied by inflammation and fibrosis in a reversible state.

As the fatty liver cells, there is accumulation of lipid droplets caused by a small bile duct pressure, and in the biochemical tests, we see that γGT mild increase, GOT can also be slightly increased, and have a direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin elevated . Abdominal B-examination showed accumulation of fatty liver, liver parenchyma echo enhanced, but it is not specific signs of fatty liver. Liver / kidney and liver / spleen of the echo intensity increased, the boundaries of the liver is unclear, the liver helps to reduce the deep echo of the diagnosis, and take away, except the cause of liver fibrosis. Abdominal CT examination in accordance with the value of CT diagnosis of fatty liver, fatty liver due to the low field absorption of the liver, CT value is also low, and the liver and spleen CT value of the ratio of “0.85, but the destruction of liver cells may produce a certain liver CT value of impact. Magnetic resonance imaging of fatty liver is more difficult. By laparoscopy, we can see the edge of blunt liver fatty liver, the surface smooth, showing a characteristic of the yellow markings, liver biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. Generally associated with obesity, fatty liver is reversible changes, but if longer or severe obesity, fatty liver liver fibrosis sometimes occur, presenting with alcohol-induced liver injury similar to the findings of liver tissue. On the treatment of obesity with fatty liver are mainly diet and exercise therapy, with the application of lipid-lowering drugs may be more effective.

7. Obesity with abnormal renal function obesity may affect renal hemodynamics and renal function, it is reported obesity often engendered proteinuria, sometimes manifested as nephrotic syndrome. It has been reported with chronic renal insufficiency in obese patients with pathological changes of 50% glomerular sclerosis, therefore, that the obesity-induced glomerular sclerosis is a chronic renal insufficiency causes.

8. Obesity with endocrine dysfunction in obesity may cause pituitary dysfunction. Obese growth hormone (GH)-based low values, and the experiments of various loads, such as growth hormone releasing hormone (GRH), insulin, levodopa, arginine stimulated the secretion response to low. GH secretion in response to a negative correlation with the degree of obesity.

Obesity associated with low GH secretion reasons: â‘  obesity associated with high FFA hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia; â‘¡ somatomedin-C produces hyperactivity of the negative feedback effects on GH secretion; â‘¢ the hypothalamus of opium can be and the adrenaline will be effective barrier; â‘£ hypothalamus to increase secretion of somatostatin, inhibit GH secretion. It has been reported for various obesity prolactin stress test, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (TRH), insulin secretion response to arginine in normal or low. It has been reported obesity luteinizing hormone (LH) and urinary gonadotropin hormone (FSH) the basis of the value of normal luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)-stimulated LH secretion in response to significantly lower, FSH secretion is also low, and the degree of obesity and LH Peak secretion of a negative correlation, but also reported on the LHRH of LH, FSH secretion in response to normal, obese adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion in response to low, but could promote excessive drinking. Thyroid hormone T4 to T3 conversion increased, the increase in blood concentrations of T3, especially when carbohydrate intake is more obvious, the degree of obesity and blood concentration of T3 was positively correlated, but the thyroid function and metabolic status was normal. Elevated aldosterone levels of obesity, but no significant difference between normal people. Obesity urine 17 – hydroxysteroid steroid excretion increased, but the normal serum cortisol, suggesting that cortisol production rate and metabolic hyperactivity, the reason is the decomposition of adipose tissue cortisol hyperactivity, thereby stimulating ACTH secretion caused. Obesity urinary 17 – KGS excretion, serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione concentrations increase, and on the ACTH response to the increase in DHEA. Obese females blood testosterone or free testosterone levels increased. Reduction in obese sex hormone-binding globulin, free testosterone increased. Moreover, adipose tissue manipulation to convert the male hormone estrogen aromatase increased, so obese women estriol / estradiol ratio increased. Obese women with ovarian dysfunction and menstrual abnormalities and adrenal androgen secretion in hyperthyroidism, the hypothalamus – pituitary – gonadal axis abnormalities, estrogen metabolism and other comprehensive factors. Obesity blood parathyroid hormone and antidiuretic hormone concentration.

9. Obesity with hyperuricemia can cause obesity, hyperuricemia, Framingham study, records, weight gain 10%, can increase serum uric acid in the male as the 0.25mg/dl, women 0.125mg/dl.

Changes in eating habits hyperuricemia also affect the occurrence of 10-year-old obese children not accompanied by hyperuricemia, and by 20-year-old drinking occurs if a large number of hyperuricemia, a high serum uric acid in obese value is significantly correlated with BMI.

10. Obesity with male sexual dysfunction in obese adipose tissue weight of total body weight of 15% to 50%, therefore, obese people with low testosterone, estradiol increased.

Mildly obese in their blood LH and FSH values significantly different from normal, with the degree of obesity increases, pituitary – gonadal axis was inhibited. Jalow such survey found that obese men were significantly infertility of pituitary – gonadal axis dysfunction. In addition, obesity, testicular mature man; delays, Pintor by comparison before and after weight loss obese man; adrenal sex hormone levels and found that obese children in blood DHEA and Pregnenolone levels increased significantly, but after weight loss with normal body weight returned to normal. These very low biological activity of adrenal hormones, but it may affect the response to the low human chorionic gonadotropin and testicular maturity delayed.

11. Gynecological and obstetrical diseases associated with obesity, menstrual abnormalities more common in obese women, about half of those in ovulatory dysfunction, and amenorrhea. However, after weight loss resume sexual function after treatment. Obese women, the mechanism of ovarian dysfunction: â‘  fat tissue is a huge repository of sex hormones, fat tissues have aromatase activity, so that androgen to estrogen conversion increase, and therefore induced hyperandrogenism, acting on the hypothalamus – to promote gonadal hormone secretion, pituitary abnormalities. â‘¡ Zhang et al reported that obese women with amenorrhea, reduction in sex hormone-binding globulin, serum total testosterone, free testosterone, androstenedione, estrone, and LH increase, FSH low. â‘¢ obesity associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia directly on the ovary to increase androgen secretion; â‘£ secreted by the adrenal cortex, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and other male hormones also increased, so that the hypothalamus – pituitary – ovarian axis function abnormalities induced amenorrhea and not ovulate. Polycystic ovary syndrome, 20% ~ 50% accompanied by obesity, LH / FSH ratio increased, testosterone and androstenedione and other ovary and adrenal cortex to secrete elevated levels of male hormones. Uterine cancer is often associated with obesity, hypertension and diabetes, body of the uterus from endometrial cancer, which is the target tissue of estrogen, so obese women, high estrogen acidosis and hyperandrogenism and the mechanism of cancer related. Obese women often do not ovulate and infertility, corpus luteum does not secrete progesterone, the endometrium in the continuing role of estrogen into the next dysplasia and cancer.

12. Obese children with bone disease, obesity, combined bone and joint diseases Ruan Gutou spondylolisthesis up occurred in the pre-school children, their cause is due to the growth of cartilage bone fouling layer was fibrous replacement, caused by the weak positions. At the same time, endocrine problems can also be a reason, most of them school-age children obesity combined genital dysplasia, caused by growth hormone and sex hormone imbalances. Obesity is a joint deformation of the incentives for the elderly is the most common bone and joint diseases. Lower limb joint deformity occurs influenced by body weight, in particular, the joints closely with obesity, knee deformed squat more common in middle-aged women. Obesity is often associated with diabetes, which has induced neuropathy, and occasionally can lead to bone and joint abnormalities.